1.The purpose of this coursework is to examine current fiscal and

1.The reason for this is to inspect current financial and money related approaches by the UK government and their adequacy and effect on GDP and loan costs utilizing graphical and relapse examination - Coursework Example Generally, the IS-LM model is a full scale monetary instrument showing the connection between loan fees and genuine out-put in the merchandise and enterprises advertise and the currency showcase. It is a mix of merchandise market and currency showcase harmonies. The total model depicts general balance circumstance in full scale economy. IS-LM model depends on suspicion of fixed value level. This infers general value level won't unexpectedly change when monetary conditions modify. Assume there is an expansion popular. Given flexibly, the expansion sought after should create an increment in value level (and in amount traded inside market). The period inside which it remains unaltered is short run. The time arrangement characteristics of factors utilizing three tests uncover the majority of factors are fixed with block. This catches non-zero mean under elective speculation. In any case, numerous factors are non-fixed with consistent and deterministic time patterns. This catches deterministic patterns under this other option. The factors may thusly be viewed as fixed and doesn't require differencing. The IS Curve is illustrative of the balance focuses in products showcase, that is, the blends of r and Y for which speculations (I) are equivalent to reserve funds (S). Remember that speculation is contrarily identified with genuine loan cost and is non-reliant on level of genuine yield/salary. Sparing has a positive relationship to genuine loan cost and further increments with pay. Different researchers have contended that the European sovereign obligation emergency is discernible to the nineties whereby the 15 part states at that point, thought on the advantages of foundation of a typical local money (Sgherri and Zoli, 2009). Notwithstanding concurring on certain obligation focuses, there are numerous examples where part states out-properly neglected to cling to as far as possible. Notwithstanding this conspicuous infringement, no money related approvals were forced on

Unit 5 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unit 5 Individual Project - Essay Example Neighborliness part is one such extraordinary open door existing inside UAE markets which can offer an incredible chance to serve our prepared to cook fish items. Our procedure will be founded on the worth expansion suggestion which our items will offer other than offering other medical advantages. To be the main fish items suppliers in the International market dealing with the dietary benefit of our clients adjacent to giving a more affordable, high caliber and new ocean bottom items to our clients through worth expansion. The travel industry is considered as the primary fascination of the UAE with yearly shopping celebrations of worldwide height other than offering an exceptionally modest and more westernize condition to the guests from Western nations. Our objective market will be isolated into two gatherings: First gathering of buyers will be outside visiting UAE. We mean to serve them with conventional fish results of UAE other than offering redid cooked fish items which are more popular in Western Countries in this manner giving them an encounter of second home market concerning as serving their taste buds are concerned. Cordiality part: Both in Dubai and the nation over, it is the accommodation segment that is the biggest single purchaser gathering of fish items, with almost every 5-star inn facilitating a fish café. Rivalry in the foodservice portion keeps on warming up, staying up with both populace and the travel industry development (in 2006, Dubais 371 inns facilitated a record 6.5â million visitors). Inlet Seafood LLC is considered as one of the most established and biggest players in the UAE fish industry. There is a developing pattern inside the entire Gulf showcase that the patterns are moving towards the more wellbeing cognizant fish items with numerous neighborhood also worldwide players are coming into the market to characterize their own specialties. A closer investigation of the opposition proposes that there is a requirement for the organization having more involvement with serving Western

An Overview of the Causes of Bipolar Disorder

An Overview of the Causes of Bipolar Disorder In This Article Table of Contents Expand Genetic Factors Brain Structure   Societal Factors Environmental Triggers The Diathesis-Stress Model Nobody knows absolutely what causes bipolar disorder. Studies suggest there is a  genetic component present, but DNA isnt the only reason people develop bipolar disorder. Most researchers agree that there are likely physical and environmental factors that contribute as well.?? Genetic Factors When talking about biological causes, the first question is whether bipolar disorder can be inherited. This issue has been researched through multiple families, adoption, and twin studies. In families of persons with bipolar disorder, first-degree relatives (parents, children, siblings) are more likely to have a mood disorder than the relatives of those who do not have bipolar disorder.Studies of twins indicate that if one identical twin has bipolar disorder the likelihood that the other twin will have it is about 40 percent.In fraternal twins, the occurrence in both is around 5 percent. This is important for genetic theories because identical twins occur when one fertilized egg splits in two, meaning that they share the same genetic material. Fraternal twins, on the other hand, come from separate fertilized eggs, so their inherited genes can be different. There is overwhelming evidence that bipolar disorder can be inherited and that there is a genetic vulnerability to developing the illness. Brain Structure   When it comes to figuring out exactly what is inherited, the neurotransmitter system has received a great deal of attention as a possible cause of bipolar disorder. A link exists between neurotransmitters and mood disorders  because drugs that alter these transmitters also relieve mood disorders:?? A low or high level of a specific neurotransmitter such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine is involved.Other studies indicate that an imbalance of these substances is the problem, i.e., that a specific level of a neurotransmitter is not as important as its amount in relation to the other neurotransmitters.Still, other studies have found evidence that a change in the sensitivity of the receptors on nerve cells may be the issue. In short, researchers are quite certain that the neurotransmitter system is at least part of the cause of bipolar disorder, but further research is still needed to define its exact role.?? Societal Factors Mood episodes in bipolar disorder can both be set off by a stressful event or circumstances, but can and frequently do occur spontaneously. How stress triggers  a bipolar episode is not fully understood. But scientists do believe that the stress hormone  cortisol  plays a role. Stress increases the level of cortisol in the body, which causes alterations in how the brain functions and communicates. In fact, in people who have depression or bipolar disorder, cortisol levels may stay high  even when stress isnt present.?? Stressful life events can range from a death in the family to the loss of a job, and from the birth of a child to a move. Stress may stem from a  variety of experiences. It cannot be precisely defined, since one person may perceive an event as extremely stressful while another individual encountering the same event may not experience much stress.   Stressful life events can lead to the onset of symptoms in bipolar disorder. However, once the disorder is triggered and progresses, it seems to develop a life of its own. Once the cycle begins, psychological and/or biological processes take over and keep the illness active. Environmental Triggers For Depressive Episodes Once someone experiences bipolar disorder, small stresses may trigger depressive episodes.?? Reading a sad book, talking to someone whos depressed, receiving a poor grade on an assignment, or even catching a cold might trigger a depressive episode. Other examples of bipolar  depressive episode  triggers include: sleep deprivation or disruptionphysical injury or illnessmenstruationlack of exercisetravel For Manic Episodes While triggers for manic and depressive episodes can be the same, there are some that are specific to manic or hypomanic episodes. According to a 2012 study in the  Journal of Affective Disorders, unique triggers of  manic or hypomanic episodes  include:?? falling in loverecreational stimulant usestarting a creative projectlate night partyingvacationingloud music In addition, the postpartum period and the use of an antidepressant, like an  SSRI, may also trigger a manic or hypomanic episode. The Diathesis-Stress Model When we look for the cause of bipolar disorder, the best explanation according to research published in 2015 is what is termed the Diathesis-Stress Model.?? The word diathesis, in simplified terms, refers to a physical condition that makes a person more susceptible than usual to certain diseases. Thus the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical vulnerabilities to problems that may or may not appear depending on what stresses occur in his or her life. So the bottom line is that if you have bipolar disorder, you were likely born with the possibility of developing this disorder and something in your life triggered it. However, scientists could refine that theory tomorrow. The one sure thing is that they wont give up looking for answers. Understanding Your Bipolar Treatment Plan

Behavioural Finance in the Field of Finance and Investment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2517 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The intention of this essay is to analyse the development of Behavioural Finance within the field of finance and investment. It will highlight some of the literature that has come about as a result of research in the field, some of the implications it has had on historical theories and some of the implications it has had within the world of investment. The Birth of Behavioural Finance Behavioural Finance is considered by many to be a new field within finance, but it does have its origins in the early 20th century. One of the initial publications to highlight the importance of investor psychology was authored in 1912 by George Selden, the intention of this book was to discuss the belief that the movements of prices on the exchanges are dependant to a very large degree on the mental attitude of the investing and trading public(Selden, 1912, pp. Preface), this was a pioneering thought and began the start of linking psychological aspects within the world of finance. Throughout the 20th century, many developments were made in relation to combining psychological aspects to the world of finance. Since George Selden, many have built upon this idea and in 1956 the US psychologist Leon Festinger introduced a new concept in social psychology: the theory of cognitive dissonance.(Sewell, 2010, p.1). This was of importance as considering the dynamic nature of finance, a de cision one makes can often be offset by the introduction of new and inconsistent information, this may often lead practitioners to make irrational decisions which in turn affects markets, pricings and causes inefficiencies. After this, John Pratt considers utility functions [and] risk aversion(Sewell, 2010, p.1), which considers how practitioners evaluate a monetary amount gained or lost and also how they feel about incurring various levels of risk and how this affects behaviour and decision making. From this point the research and developments entered rapid expansion as more researchers and prominent people within the fields began to take interest in this idea that psychology may play an important role within markets and practitioner behaviour.. In 1973, two psychologists, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman put forth an article and within this paper they explore[d] a judgmental heuristic in which a person evaluates the frequency of classes or the probability of events by availabil ity, i.e., by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973, p.207). A heuristic is something that financial practitioners use [as a] rule of thumbto process data they are generally imperfect. Therefore, practitioners hold biased beliefs that predispose them to commit errors.(Shefrin, 1999, p. 4). This along with the earlier articles and research began to explore in more depth the affects of individuals cognitive errors and misjudgements which we now know can lead to market inefficiencies. Then, in 1974, Tverky and Kahneman produced another article with the intention of further developing the field and gaining a more in depth determination of the heuristic identified in their previous paper, within this article they had identified and described three heuristics which can be seen to be in use when making decisions under uncertainty. These three heuristics are as follows; representativeness, which is usually employed when people a re asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B,(Tversky and Kahneman, 1974, p.1124) in simple terms this is when someone tries to predict the probability of an unknown event by comparing it to a known event and assuming the probabilities will be similar. This can and usually does lead to errors as practitioners may over or underestimate the probability, and also may misjudge the comparative example which in turn will lead to errors. The second heuristic is that of availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development,(Tversky and Kahneman, 1974, p.1131) in simple terms they have described a way in which individuals are more inclined to assess the frequency of an event by the ease in which instances of the events can be brought to mind. The third heuristic is that of adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numeric al predication when a relevant value is available(Tversky and Kahneman, 1974, p.1131) in simpler terms they have described how an individual will use an initial piece of information and then any other piece of information gained thereafter will encounter a bias based on the initial information. This leads the practitioner to hold on to their initial beliefs in regard to the scenario and leads to an inaccurate reading of the situation resulting in errors. These are heuristics, which are mental-shortcuts which, through a lack of adequate mental analysis and evaluation, lead to an inaccurate reading of the situation, leading to a misjudgement. These heuristics are important as they began to form reasons why financial practitioners are prone to make mistakes, which in-turn lead to market inefficiencies and in the area of investment cause stock-prices to deviate from their fundamental value. From this point, Tversky and Kahneman went on to produce another article in 1979 They disco vered that people tended to value losses greater than equivalent gains; An alternative theory of choice is developed, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights.(Tversky and Kahneman, 1979, p. 263). This was named Prospect Theory. This was an important development as it showed further irrational behavioural of practitioners and put greater emphasis on the study of how human errors do affect the financial markets, something that was held in contrast to popular belief at the time, it also contributed further to the study of how practitioners deal with the evaluation of money. Then, in 1985, Werner De Bondt and Richard Thaler published an article that discovered that most people tend to overreact to unexpected and dramatic news events.. The empirical evidence is consistent with the overreaction hypothesis market inefficiencies are discovered.(De Bondt and Thaler, 1986, p.793). This discovery, aided by the previous advancements of the better part of a centurys worth of research effectively formed the start of what has become known as behavioural finance and was of great importance and the field now had empirical evidence which backed up theory to suggest that psychological errors contributed to market inefficiencies thereby putting into question historical theories which had once been considered valid. To summarise, over the course of the 20th century there has been significant research within the field of psychology and then a merging of psychological research with the field of finance. Many consider Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman to be the pioneers with the vast amount of research they conducted in the field, which lead to Werner De Bondt and Richard Thaler producing empirical evidence, with the use of psychologically based background, in their paper; Does the Stock Market Overreact?which proved that at times there exists inefficiencies within the markets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Behavioural Finance in the Field of Finance and Investment" essay for you Create order How it has Affected Historical Theories The birth of Behavioural Finance has had many implications within the fields of finance and investment. One of its greatest and most important impacts is calling into question the rationality of financial practitioners, this notion that practitioners are rational provided an assumption which formed the foundation on which some of the most influential economic and financial hypothesis were created. To analyse the full impact of behavioural finance as a topic is something that cannot be achieved within this essay, instead it will discuss its effect on Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), a theory put forth by Eugene Fama in 1970 titled Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Fama, 1970) . Within the document Fama describes an efficient market as a market in which prices always fully reflect available information,(Fama, 1970, p. 383) in order for markets to fully reflect available information an assumption is made that the markets and the inve stors within them are rational, this is one of the assumptions that provides a foundation for Efficient Market Hypothesis; This notion of rational markets and investors has been seriously questioned by the development of Behavioural Finance and due to the research that has been conducted and empirical evidence which proves that at times the markets both over and under react to information which results in inefficiencies; it can be stated that the Efficient Market Hypothesis isnt entirely correct. This is important as since the theories inception; financial practitioners accepted it as valid and began to develop ideas, models and other theories with EMH as a foundation. Other theories such as Capital Asset Pricing Model have been put into question as they were developed and buil[t] on the assumptions of EMH.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Bell, 2010). The development of Behavioural Finance and the findings from various researches which put into question market efficiencies, it can now be state d that long held beliefs and theories about the way markets and financial practitioners operate can be considered false. It has also brought about an idea named Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) which was put forth in 2004 by Andrew Lo, he argues that the emerging discipline of behavioural economics and finance has challenged [EMH], arguing that markets are not rational [he] propose[s] a new framework that reconciles market efficiency with behavioural alternatives.(Lo, 2004). This new hypothesis seems to make more sense and is in conjunction with behavioural finance issues and while we wait for it to be solidified by long-term empirical evidence, it seems that the future is more AMH than EMH. Its implications for Investment Since the development of Behavioural Finance and the psychological aspects that are at play within the world of finance and within the investors psyche have been seen to lead to unhelpful or even hurtful decisions. As a fundamental part of human nature, these biases affect all types of investors,(Byrne and Utkus, 2013, p.4) and often lead to misjudgements and errors, the implications for this are that each and every investor will make use of these heuristics and inevitability will make mistakes. The world of investment has now recognised that this area of study is of great importance and can help explain not only investor behaviour, but also the behaviour of markets. One of the intentions of Behavioural Finance is to identify these errors and their causes so that investors are in a position to work around them or profit from other investors mistakes. There are now many heuristics and biases which have been discovered and have an impact on financial practitioners decision making ability and in turn have implications for markets, some of these are as follows; Availability Bias, Representativeness, Gamblers Fallacy, Frame Dependence, Mental Accounting, Loss Aversion and Overconfidence to name just small amount. One of these biases, Overconfidence, has found that humans tend to have unwarranted confidence in their decision making. In essence, this means having an inflated view of ones own ability.(Byrne and Utkus, 2013, p.4). In terms of investment this can lead some investors to have placed an overestimation on their own investment choices and ability and as such, at times, disregard the overall external factors which have an impact on the market. Another affect that overconfidence may have on certain investors is in relation to trading, for example, too much confidence is placed within their own ability to trade. Professors Brad Barber and Terry Odean studied US investors with retailed brokerage accounts and found that more active traders earned the lowest r eturns.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ (Byrne and Utkus, 2013, p.6). Another bias is that of the loss aversion where behavioural finance suggests investors are more sensitive to loss than to risk and return,(Byrne and Utkus, 2013, p.8) where traditional finance theory tended to focus solely on the relationship between risk and return. Two professors, Hersh Shefrin and Meir Statman, developed theories put forth by Tversky and Kahneman in a paper titled The Disposition to Sell Winners Too Early and Ride Losers Too Long: Theory and Evidencewhere they found evidence to suggest that investors sell winners too early and hold losers too long.(Shefrin and Statman, 1985, p.777). This can negatively affect investor returns and depicts some form of short-termism within investors psychology down to the bias of loss aversion. Conclusion To conclude, Behavioural Finance is a field that has had profound effects on the world of finance and investment, so much so it has put into question previous theories that were once considered valid and used as a foundation for most economic and financial hypotheses such as EMH and CAPM. As the field has developed practitioners have taken more notice of their own and others irrational behaviour, which is important considering prior to the introduction of psychological issues most were of the belief that themselves and others were rational. This can now be considered to be false, and as the dynamic nature of the financial work-environment induces mental and behavioural short-comings it is likely that the field will see further developments. Bibliography Bell, W.P. (2010). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Contributing to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). [Online]. Available at: https://williampaulbell.wordpress.com/2010/01/15/capital-asset-pricing-model-capm-and-efficient-market-hypothesis-emh-contributing-to-the-global-financial-crisis-gfc/ Byrne, A.B. and Utkus, S.U. (2013). Behavioural Finance Understanding how the mind can help or hinder investment success,Vanguard, pp.1-32. [Online]. Available at: https://www.vanguard.co.uk/documents/portal/literature/behavourial-finance-guide.pdf De Bondt, W.B. and Thaler, R.T. (1986). Does the Stock Market Overreact?The Journal of Finance, 40(3), pp. 793-805. [Online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1985.tb05004.x/pdf Fama, E.U. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp.383-417, Wiley Online Library [Online] Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00518.x/pdf Lo, A.L. (2004). The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis: Market Efficiency from an Evolutionary Perspective, National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 1-31. [Online]. Available at: https://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/~sok/papers/l/JPM2004.pdf Selden, G.C. (1912). Psychology of the Stock Market. New York, Ticker Publishing Company. Available at: https://archive.org/details/psychologyofstoc00seldrich Sewell, M.S. (2010). Behavioural Finance,University of Cambridge. [PDF] Available at: https://www.behaviouralfinance.net/behavioural-finance.pdf Shefrin, H.S. (1999). Beyond Greed and Fear: Understanding Behavioural Finance and the Psychology of Investing.New York. Oxford University Press, Inc. Shefrin, H.S. and Statman, M.S. (1985). The Disposition to Sell Winners Too Early and Ride Losers Too Long: Theory and Evidence,The Journal of Finance, 11(3), pp.777-790. [Online] Available at: https://www.economia.unimib.it/DATA/moduli/7_6069/materiale/shefrin-statman-85.pdf Tversky, A.T. and Kahneman, D.K. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability,Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), pp. 207-232 [Online]. Available at: https://dtserv2.compsy.uni-jena.de/__C1257641005FF6B0.nsf/0/1538BC6A54743092C125764700444391/$FILE/TVERSKY+Availability+A+heuristic+for+judging+frequency+and+probality.pdf Tversky, A.T. And Kahneman, D.K. (1974). Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biasesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Science, 185(4157), pp.1124-1131. [Online]. Available at: https://psiexp.ss.uci.edu/research/teaching/Tversky_Kahneman_1974.pdf Tversky, A.T. And Kahneman, D.K. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under RiskEconometric, 47(2), pp. 263-291. [Online]. Available at: https://www.princeton.edu/~kahneman/docs/Publications/prospect_theory.pdf

Benefits Of Minimum Wage - 1014 Words

Minimum wage is a struggle for many Americans and I believe it needs to be raised. The minimum wage of the United States is $7.25 an hour. It is a rate that isn’t letting many Americans live life comfortably. If the minimum wage was changed even a merely $3.75 it would change people’s lives and will let many people get by. The minimum wage of $7.25 has stayed the same since 2009 and there hasn’t been any effort by the government to change it. Many states have increased their minimum wage, but I hope that the minimum wage rises nationwide and not individually as states. One of the many groups of people that struggle on minimum wage are college students. Many people avoid going to college because their minimum wage job will not allow them†¦show more content†¦Another reason why the minimum wage needs to be increased because of single parents or even families in general. Many single parents or families rely on the minimum wage to live day by day. Although some may say that living alone with a child doesn’t cost much, but I disagree. Having a child cost a lot of money. These parents often do not raise their children because they must dedicate their life to working most of the hours of the week and must leave their children in a daycare or in the home of a close family relative. In between buying necessities for the child and having to raise them, they have to work long hours of the week because the minimum wage is too low to allow them to take a break. This is something that effects millions of families in the United States. Gould, senior economist at EPI tells NBC News, â€Å"Even in Tennessee, a state with some of the most affordable cities in the country, minimum wage workers cannot cover the cost of basic necessities such as housing, food and other expenses.† Families should also have the opportunity to thrive off the minimum wage. Furthermore people cannot pay the bills and take care of themselves on minimum wage. Minimum wage often cannot pay adult bills. Although in the past the minimum wage was way below what is it today, consumer prices have increased a total of 482%. Even college tuition has gone up 994% in pricing than in 1970, and that’s onlyShow MoreRelatedMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wage1359 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wage is described as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wage can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wage is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard an equitableRead MoreMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wages1399 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wages are described as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wages can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wages is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard anRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Minimum Wage1568 Words   |  7 Pagespoverty wages and provide few if any benefits (Low, 2015). The lowest income bracket has been getting increasingly poorer and since 1968, the real value of the minimum wage has progressively declined (Dietrich, 2004). 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June Etta Downey Free Essays

A Biography of June Etta Downey South Georgia Technical College August 20, 2010 June Etta Downey (1875-1932), Psychologist. Born on July 13, 1875, in Laramie, Wyoming. June came from a pioneer family that contributed a great deal to the development of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on June Etta Downey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her father, Colonel Stephen W. Downey was one of the first territorial delegates to the United States Congress from Wyoming, and it was largely through his efforts that the University of Wyoming was established. Downey, like many other females pursuing professional careers, had to face many odds in order to achieve her goals. In early 1900’s the image of a professional woman was an unusual sight, particularly in a small place like Laramie. Most professional females were destined to become school teachers if they were not married. Downey avoided marriage in order to continue her higher education and being free to work in the field she always wanted experimental psychology. Downey graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1895. After a year of teaching at the University of Chicago, where in 1898 she took a master’s degree in Philosophy and Psychology. In that year she joined the faculty of the University of Wyoming as an instructor of Philosophy as well. In the summer of 1901 she studied Psychology under Edward Bradford Titchener at Cornell University. She was promoted to assistant Professor of English and Philosophy in 1902 and to Professor in 1905. In 1904 she published a volume of poems titled Heavenly Dykes. After a sabbatical year of further study at the University of Chicago, she was awarded her P. H. D. in 1908, and on her return to the University of Wyoming she became head of her department. Downey soon gave up the teaching of English to concentrate on Philosophy and Psychology, and the title of her professorship was changed formally to that in 1915. A gifted and often ingenious experimenter, Downey followed her principal interest in the Psychology of aesthetics into many areas of the arts and the mental processes associated with them. Downey’s work in muscle muscle ready, handwriting, handedness, color perception, and such topics led to deeper investigations into personality and creativity. Her work resulted in more than 60 articles in professional journals and several books, including Graphology and the Psychology of Handwriting, 1919; Plots and Personalities, with Edward E. Slosson, 1922. Downey was greatly interested in the creative arts. She wrote poems, plays, and stories throughout her life. She even wrote the school Alma Mater for the University of Wyoming. In 1911, she published the Imaginal Reaction to poetry, one of the most important experiments involving arts. This study examined the images people had in response to ready poetry. Downey believed that variation in such images revealed differences in character. Downey’s preliminary work personality led her to the creation of the Downey Will-Temperament Test. The Will-Temperament and Its Testing, a report on her attempt to test clinically aspects of personality other than intelligence, 1923; and Creative Imagination: Studies in the Psychology of Literature, 1929. She also published Kingdom of the Mind, a book on the experimental psychology for young readers, in 1927. Although the report presented several limitations itself, it brought the attention of several influential psychology exponents. Although highly valuable in intent and originality, the Downey tests also possessed great weaknesses. Downey continually pointed to the importance of the intra-individual relationship of the subtests, but did not provide any norms for comparisons. The tests had poor reliability, the subtests were very short and those subtests that supposedly measured similar traits did not correlate highly with each other. The tests also possessed poor validity, at least when the results were compared to personality ratings. In addition, there were complaints that the administration was complicated and the scoring was too subjective. All of these weaknesses prevented the tests from being more widely accepted, and Downey was planning to revise the tests at the time of her death. Despite her visibility, Downey never craved the spotlight. As she grew older, she concentrated on her teaching and left Laramie. Downey was recognized as an outstanding scholar in her field by election to the Society of Experimentalists and membership on the council of the American Psychological Association in 1923-1925. In the last decade of her life she received many forms of recognition, including appointment to APA Council, membership in the Society of Experimentalists, and election as a Fellow of the American association of the Advancement of Service. She was also an inspiring teacher and a valuable asset to her university in its early years. Downey became ill while attending the Third International Congress on Eugenics in New York City. She died two months later of cancer at the home of her sister in Trenton, New Jersey on October 11, 1932. She was 57 years old. The University held a memorial service for her and a bronze plaque was unveiled in her honor. References 1. Uwadmnweb. Uwyo. edu/as/Development/People/Downey-June%2006. html 2. www. psych. yorku. ca/femhop/June%20Downey. htm 3. Ww. britannica. com/EBChecked/topic/170477/June-Etta-Downey How to cite June Etta Downey, Essay examples

Phish Rock N Roll Essays - Phish, Mike Gordon, Live Phish Series

Phish Rock 'N' Roll The band Phish is the greatest live band in rock n' roll today. It's not just incredible music that makes this band great. There is so much more to the experience of a Phish show. When a true Phish fan thinks of Phish, they think of more then just the music. They also think about having fun with friends, meeting new people, and seeing the town that the band will be playing at that night. One has to see a Phish show in order to get the whole idea behind the music. Phish's music is in a class of its own. According to bassist Mike Gordon, Phish plays bluegrass, Latin, rock, funk, classical, jazz, calypso, hard-core, and Broadway. Phish's music is characterized by simple lyrics, sophisticated instrumentals, extensive musical communication, and extended improvisation. This amazing band from Burlington, Vermont takes you on a mental journey through time and space, while making you dance like no other. They have over 150 great, mind blowing songs. They have fast, high energy songs and slow and slow, soul touching tunes. It is the best dance music around and leaves you wanting more. Seeing a Phish show is like being on a roller coaster that is so much fun that you just don't want to get off. Phish fans are the best fans in music. When you go to a Phish show, you will be amazed by the amount of respect and kindness you are treated with. After seeing a few shows at a time, I feel I had forgotten the meaning of the word nice. You will meet new and interesting people from all over the world. The best part about it is the everyone is there for one thing, the music. Phish tour is one of the most enjoyable things you could do with your summer. Nothing beats driving from city to city with your friends while experiencing some of the most incredables music of your life. Phish will play in big cities such as New York and Philadelphia, to cities as small as their home town, Burlington, Vermont. Whather you are camping at a campsite or hanging out in a hotel room, you are still having fun with your friends. Nothing beats a summer filled with Phish and traviling. One cannot put the experiences of the Phish culture in words. One can't just go out and purchase one of thier albums to get the jist behind the music. Phish has to be seen live. Part of the excitement is that the bands leaves the fans guessing what song they are going to play and how they are going to play it. When they break into something totally unexpected and play the tune like it's never been played before, you just wanna bust out into tears. All I need to describe live Rock n' Roll today is one word, Phish. Music Essays